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Notes

  1. "Gazetteer of the Nilgiris," 1908, i. 338.
  2. Bishop Whitehead, Madras Museum Bull., 1907, No. 3, v. 134.
  3. Madras Museum Bull., 1907, No. 3, v. 139-40.
  4. Malabar, 1887, i. 177-8.
  5. Used as a fly-flapper (chamara).
  6. "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd edition, 99-100.
  7. N. Sunkuni Wariar, "Ind. Ant.," 1892, xxi. 96.
  8. K. Srikantaliar, "Ind. Ant.," 1892, xxi. 193.
  9. M. N. Venkataswami, "Ind. Ant.," 1905, xxxiv. 176.
  10. "Gazetteer of the Godavari District," 1907, i. 66.
  11. "Note on the Koravas," 1908.
  12. M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant.," 1881, x. 366.
  13. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 293.
  14. "Gazetteer of the Godavari District," 1907, i. 47.
  15. M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 21.
  16. India, Trübner, Oriental Series, 1888, i. 182.
  17. Rev. S. Mateer, "Native Life in Travancore," 1883, 330-52.
  18. M. J. Walhouse, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1874, iv. 373.
  19. Voyage to the East Indies, 1777 and 1781.
  20. Rev. J. A. Sharrock, "South Indian Missions," 1910, 9.
  21. See Emma Rosenbusch (Mrs Clough), "While sewing Sandals, or Tales of a Telugu Pariah Tribe."
  22. L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 114.
  23. "Ind. Ant.," 1873, ii. 65.
  24. F. Fawcett, "Note on the Koravas," 1908.
  25. S. P. Rice, "Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life," 1901, 95-6.
  26. Jeypore, Breklum, 1901.
  27. F. Fawcett, "Note on the Koravas," 1908.
  28. Fire-walking, see Thurston, "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India," 1907, 471-86.
  29. Udaya is one of the divisions of the Badagas, which ranks as superior to the other divisions.
  30. Koyis, see Cain, Madras Christian College Magazine (old series), v. 352-9, and vi. 274-80; also "Ind. Ant.," v., 1876, and viii., 1879.
  31. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 98.
  32. Madras Museum Bull., 1907, No. 3, v. 166.
  33. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 291.
  34. The Holeyas were formerly agrestic serfs.
  35. "Ind. Ant.," 1873, ii. 66.
  36. Earth-eating (geophagy), see my "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India," 1907, 552-4.
  37. Letters from Malabar, Translation, Madras, 1862.
  38. F. Fawcett, "Note on the Koravas," 1908.
  39. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 288.
  40. Ibid., 285.
  41. M. Paupa Rao Naidu, "The Criminal Tribes of India," Madras, 1907, No. 3.
  42. T. M. Natesa Sastri, Calcutta Review, 1905, cxxi. 501.
  43. "Notes on the Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency," 1892, 90.
  44. "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd. ed., 58-9.
  45. Letters from Madras, 1843.
  46. "Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies," Madras, 1903, 32-3.
  47. Madras Weekly Mail, 15th October, 1908.
  48. Rev. E. W. Thompson, "The Last Siege of Seringapatam," 1907.
  49. "An Indian Olio," 98.
  50. "Manual of the North Arcot District" 1895, i. 223-4.
  51. S. M. Natesa Sastri, "Ind. Ant.," 1889, xviii. 287.
  52. Rev. J. Cain, "Ind. Ant.," 1875, iv. 198.
  53. F. Fawcett, "Note on the Koravas," 1908.
  54. "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 358.
  55. "Manual of the Ganjam District," 1882, 71-2.
  56. "Gazetteer of the Bellary District," 1904, i. 61.
  57. Madras Agricult. Bull., 1900, ii. No. 42.
  58. Madras Dioc. Mag., 1908.
  59. Madras Weekly Mail, 7th October 1909.
  60. Loc. cit.
  61. Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v., No. 3, 173.
  62. Many of the bird superstitions here recorded were published in an article in the Madras Mail.
  63. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 293.
  64. "Gazetteer of the Bellary District," 1904, i. 61.
  65. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 293.
  66. See Thurston, "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India," 1907, 44-7.
  67. J. S. F. Mackenzie, "Ind. Ant.," 1873, ii., 68.
  68. Rev. F. Dahmen, "Anthropos," 1908, iii. 28.
  69. Rev. M. Phillips, "Evolution of Hinduism," 1903, 123.
  70. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 292.
  71. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 288.
  72. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 66.
  73. "Manual of the Kurnool District," 1886, 114.
  74. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1902, xiv., No. 2, 388-91.
  75. "Gazetteer of the Nilgiris," 1908, i. 328.
  76. Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 241-2.
  77. "Report on the Sea Fisheries of India and Burma," 1873, lxxvi.
  78. "Manual of the Kurnool District," 1886, 115.
  79. M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 23.
  80. Rev. F. Dahmen, "Anthropos," 1908, iii. 30.
  81. "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 359.
  82. H. J. Stokes, "Ind. Ant.," 1874, iii. 90.
  83. J. S. Chandler, Calcutta Review, July, 1903, cxvii. 28.
  84. "Totemism," 1887, 33.
  85. M. J. Walhouse, Journal Anthrop. Inst., 1874, iv. 376.
  86. H. D. Taylor, "Madras Census Report," 1891.
  87. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  88. L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 22.
  89. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  90. S. P. Rice, "Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life," 1901, 211.
  91. Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc., 1884, xvi. 181.
  92. Report, Govt. Botanical Gardens, Nilgiris, 1903.
  93. "Gazetteer of Malabar," 1908, i. 163.
  94. Letters from Malabar, Translation, Madras, 1862.
  95. 1862, iii. 464.
  96. "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd ed., 59.
  97. C. Karunakara Menon, Calcutta Review, July, 1901.
  98. C. Karunakara Menon, Calcutta Review, July, 1901.
  99. Madras Mail, 22nd July, 1905.
  100. Vide, Yule and Burnell, "Hobson-Jobson," ed. 1903, 874-9.
  101. Asiatic Journal, ii. 381.
  102. Bishop Whitehead, Madras Diocesan Magazine, July, 1906.
  103. Rev. F. Dahmen, "Anthropos," 1908, iii. 22.
  104. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  105. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  106. M. Upendra Pai, Madras Christian Coll. Mag., 1895., xiii., No. 1, 29.
  107. Mem. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1906, i., No. 10.
  108. T. K. Gopal Panikkar, "Madras and its Folk," Madras, 2nd ed., 65-6.
  109. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 293-4.
  110. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  111. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 286.
  112. "Manual of the South Canara District," 1895, ii. 242.
  113. "Mysore Census Report," 1891, part i. 235.
  114. S. K. Sundara Charlu, Indian Review, 1905, vi., No. 6, 421.
  115. "Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly District," 1907, i. 283.
  116. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 288.
  117. "Plagues and Pleasures of Life in Bengal," 1907, 196-8.
  118. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  119. "Malayalam Dictionary," 1872, 983.
  120. Kerala Chintamani.
  121. Nature, 18th October, 1906.
  122. Grant Duff, "Notes from an Indian Diary, 1881-1886."
  123. L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 166.
  124. F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No 3, 309.
  125. Malabar, 1887, i. 175.
  126. D'Alviella, "The Migration of Symbols," 1894, introduction; and Times (London), 3rd September, 1891.
  127. Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 86-7.
  128. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  129. Leviticus, viii. 29.
  130. The Nayadis are a polluting class, whose approach within 300 feet is said to contaminate a Brahman.
  131. L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 55-6.
  132. M. J. Walhouse, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1890, xix. 56.
  133. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 89.
  134. "Note on the Koravas," 1908.
  135. Madras Standard, 2nd June, 1903.
  136. A tarawad means a family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
  137. The senior male in a tarawad or tarwad.
  138. See Calcutta Review, July, 1901, cxiii. 21-5.
  139. Laterite is a reddish geological formation, found all over Southern India.
  140. Madras Christian Coll. Mag., 1895, xiii., No. 1, 24-5.
  141. The pipal or aswatha (Ficus religiosa). Many villages have such a tree with a platform erected round it, on which are carved figures of the elephant god Ganesa, and cobras. Village panchayats (councils) are often held on this platform.
  142. Indian Patriot, 13th January, 1908.
  143. Elayads, Ilayatus, or Nambiyatiris, are priests at most of the snake groves on the west coast.
  144. Calcutta Review, July, 1901, cxiii. 21.
  145. "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd ed., 150.
  146. Madras Standard, 2nd June, 1903.
  147. "Gazetteer of Malabar," 1908, i. 112.
  148. See "Men and Women of India," February, 1906.
  149. "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 153-4.
  150. "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd ed., 147-8.
  151. Vol. i. 105.
  152. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 102.
  153. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 70.
  154. Sesha or Adisesha is the serpent, on which Vishnu is often represented as reclining.
  155. "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 188.
  156. See the Skanda Purana.
  157. Other colossal statues of Gummatta are at Karkal and Venur or Yenur in South Canara.
  158. The feast of lights (dipa, lights, avali, a row).
  159. See Bishop Whitehead, "The Village Deities of Southern India," Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v. No. 3.
  160. Ibid., 1901, iii. No. 3, 270-1.
  161. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 219.
  162. Madras Dioc. Mag., November, 1910.
  163. See Fawcett, Note on the Mouth-lock Vow, Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 97-102.
  164. "Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly District," 1907, i. 289.
  165. Scottish Standard Bearer, November 1907.
  166. The Patnulkarans claim to be Saurashtra Brahmans.
  167. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 71.
  168. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," i. 86.
  169. "Primitive Tribes of the Nilagiris," 1873, 17.
  170. Sudra is the fourth traditional caste of Manu.
  171. "Manual of the North Arcot District," 1895, i. 242.
  172. Mysore Census Report, 1901, part i. 519.
  173. Basavi, see article "Deva-dasi" in my "Castes and Tribes of Southern India," 1909, ii. 125-53.
  174. "Manual of the Cuddapah District", 1875, 283.
  175. Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v. No. 3, 149.
  176. "Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly District," 1907, i. 289.
  177. Jeypore, Breklum, 1901.
  178. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, 1. 72.
  179. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 86-7.
  180. Ibid., 86.
  181. Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 78-9.
  182. Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v., No. 3, 149.
  183. "Ind. Ant.," 1881, x. 364.
  184. The Pallis claim to be descendants of the fire race (Agnikula) of the Kshatriyas, and that, as they and the Pandava brothers were born of fire, they are related.
  185. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 375-6.
  186. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 85.
  187. "Narrative of Little's Detachment," 1794, 212-3.
  188. Lambadis or Brinjaris, who formerly acted as carriers of supplies and baggage in times of war in the Deccan.
  189. Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 253-4.
  190. "Ind. Ant.," 1879, viii. 219.
  191. Ibid., 1880, ix. 150.
  192. Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, ii. 272.
  193. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 86.
  194. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 102.
  195. "Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies" translation by H. K. Beauchamp, 1897, ii. 610.
  196. "Ind. Ant.," 1880, ix. 152.
  197. "Mysore," 1897, ii. 350.
  198. Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 266.
  199. The making of a shrine, Calcutta Review, 1899, cviii. 173-5.
  200. Bhutha, or demon worship, prevails in South Canara, where the villages have their bhutha sthanam or demon shrine.
  201. "Cochin Census Report," 1901, part i. 25.
  202. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 329.
  203. "Gazetteer of the Anantapur District," 1905, i. 164.
  204. "Native Life in Travancore," 1883.
  205. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 102.
  206. "Mediæval Sinhalese Art," 1908, 70-75.
  207. Philalethes, "History of Ceylon," 1817, 163.
  208. M. Bapu Rao, Madras Christian Coll. Mag., April 1894, xi.
  209. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 286.
  210. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 278.
  211. F. Fawcett, Man, 1901, i., No. 29, p. 37.
  212. "Madras Census Report," 1901, part i. 134.
  213. "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd ed., 133.
  214. Thula (scales), purusha (man), danam (gift).
  215. See Shungoony Menon, "History of Travancore," 1878, 58-72.
  216. Madras Diocesan Record, October, 1905.
  217. "Christianity and Caste," 1893.
  218. Rev. J. Cain, Madras Christian Coll. Mag., 1887-8, v. 358.
  219. In Southern India, turmeric (Curcuma) is commonly called saffron (Crocus).
  220. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 75.
  221. Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v., No. 3, 134.
  222. Ibid., 171.
  223. "An Indian Olio," 79-80.
  224. "Gazetteer of the Nilgiris," 1908, i. 340.
  225. "The Tinnevelly Shanars," 1849.
  226. Madras Dioc. Mag., March, 1903.
  227. Rev. J. Cain, "Ind. Ant.," 1879, viii. 219.
  228. "Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies,' translation by H. K. Beauchamp, 1897, i. 143.
  229. "Gazetteer of the Anantapur District," 1905, i. 198.
  230. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 93.
  231. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 92-3.
  232. "Goa and the Blue Mountains," 1851, 339.
  233. "Gazetteer of the Bellary District," 1904, i. 60.
  234. F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 307.
  235. "Malabar," 1887, i. 175.
  236. "Malabar," 1887, i. 175.
  237. M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 23.
  238. F. Fawcett, Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 260.
  239. "Manual of the Kurnool District," 1886, 116.
  240. Tennent, "Ceylon," 1860, i. 145.
  241. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 292.
  242. Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
  243. Madras Museum Bull., 1900, iii., No. 1, 41.
  244. Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 195-6.
  245. Madras Dioc. Mag., July, 1905.
  246. Rev. A. C. Clayton, Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 86.
  247. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1890, xix., 56.
  248. Madras Christian Coll. Mag., January, 1907, vi. No. 7.
  249. Rev. A. C. Clayton, Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 66.
  250. "The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian," translation, 3rd ed., 1903, ii. 332.
  251. The pearl fisheries are conducted from Tuticorin in the Tinnevelly district.
  252. "Ceylon," 1860, ii. 564-5.
  253. "The Golden Bough," 1900, ii. 241 et seq. Bibliography of human sacrifice among the Kondhs, see Thurston, "Castes and Tribes of Southern India," 1909, iii. 412-5.
  254. "Selections from the Records of the Government of India," No. v., Suppression of human sacrifice and infanticide, 1854. The subject of Meriah sacrifice is also dealt with by F. E. Penny, in her novel entitled "Sacrifice," 1910.
  255. "Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan," 1864.
  256. "The People of India," 1908, 62.
  257. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 202.
  258. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 262-3.
  259. Madras Weekly Mail, 6th June, 1894.
  260. "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 359.
  261. Madras Christian Coll. Mag., 1887-88, v. 357.
  262. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 202.
  263. "Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies," translation by H. K. Beauchamp, 1897, i. 70-1.
  264. "Ind. Ant.," 1879, viii. 219.
  265. Infanticide, see Thurston, "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India," 1907, 502-9.
  266. Marshall, "A Phrenologist amongst the Todas," 1873, 195.
  267. Ellis, "History of Madagascar."
  268. "The Village Deities of Southern India," Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v. 3, 137, 186.
  269. "Gazetteer of Malabar," 1908, i. 132.
  270. "Mysore and Coorg Manual," 1878, iii. 265.
  271. The Kaniyans of the west coast are exorcisers.
  272. "Mysore and Coorg Manual," 1878, iii. 264-5.
  273. "Ind. Ant.," 1881, x. 366.
  274. Ibid., 1876, v. 22.
  275. "Ind. Ant.," 1878, vii. 177.
  276. "Gazetteer of the Anantapur District," 1905, i. 179.
  277. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 284.
  278. Lieutenant-General F. F. Burton, "An Indian Olio," 307.
  279. "Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life," 1901, 72-3.
  280. "Manual of Medical Jurisprudence in India," 1870.
  281. Indian Review, May, 1900.
  282. "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," Madras, 1909, i. 77-81.
  283. "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," Madras, i. 176-7.
  284. "Malabar," 1887, i. 174.
  285. "Description of a Singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills," 1832, 83-4.
  286. "Madras Police Administration Report," 1900.
  287. "Manual of the Niligiri District," 1880, 212.
  288. "Madras Police Administration Report," 1904.
  289. Ibid., 1905-6.
  290. A. C. Haddon, "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions, ancient and modern), 1906, 51.
  291. See the articles devoted to these castes in my "Castes and Tribes of Southern India," 1909.
  292. B. Govinda Nambiar, Indian Review, May, 1900.
  293. M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 22.
  294. "Report of the Chemical Examiner, Madras," 1908, 5.
  295. Journ. and Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1905, i. No. 9.
  296. Rev. A. C. Clayton, Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 82.
  297. Cf. odi cult, 228-9.
  298. "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 22.
  299. Gloyer, Jeypore, Breklum, 1901.
  300. "Gazetteer of the Bellary District," 1904, i. 60.
  301. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 93.
  302. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 76.
  303. Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, ii. 1890, 282-5.
  304. Indian Review, May, 1900.
  305. Journ. Royal Asiat. Soc., 1884, xvi. 185-6.
  306. For a detailed account of demonolatry among the Shanans, I would refer the reader to the Rev. R. (afterwards Bishop) Caldwell's now scarce "Tinnevelly Shanans," 1849.
  307. Madras Museum Bull., 1900, iii., No. 1, 51.
  308. Madras Mail, 18th November, 1905.
  309. An example of so-called homoeopathic magic. See Haddon, "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions ancient and modern), 1906, 19-22.
  310. "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 22.
  311. Laccadiveans come to the Malabar coast in sailing-boats.
  312. Nature, 18th October, 1906.
  313. Madras Mail, 18th November, 1905.
  314. F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 317.
  315. Madras Mail, 19th November, 1897.
  316. In like manner, the chief mourner at the funeral among many castes, after breaking a water-pot at the graveside, retires without looking back.
  317. F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1900, iii., No. 1, 51.
  318. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 103.
  319. F. Fawcett, Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 533-5.
  320. "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 87.
  321. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 73.
  322. L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 99.
  323. F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 247.
  324. M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant." 1881, x. 364.
  325. "Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life," 1901, 70-1.
  326. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 205.
  327. H. J. Stokes, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 355-6.
  328. L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 167.
  329. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 73.
  330. "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 358.
  331. Trial by Ordeal, see my "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India," 1907, 407-32.
  332. "Gazetteer of the Godavari District," 1907, i. 64.
  333. Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1887-8, v. 355.
  334. At times of census, the Konda Doras have returned themselves as Pandava kulam, or Pandava caste.
  335. "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 290-1.
  336. Some Pandarams are managers of Siva temples.
  337. "A Madura Missionary, John Eddy Chandler: a Sketch of his Life," Boston.
  338. A. C. Haddon, "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions ancient and modern), 1906, 40.
  339. For much of the note on Kaniyans I am indebted to Mr N. Subramani Iyer.
  340. "Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar," translation, Hakluyt Society, 1866, 139.
  341. "Journey through Mysore Canara, and Malabar," 1807, ii. 528.
  342. "Malabar," 1887, i. 140-1.
  343. The Kaniyan, when wanted in his professional capacity, presents himself with triple ash marks of Siva on his chest, arms, and forehead.
  344. "Gazetteer of Malabar," 1908, i. 130.
  345. C. Gopalan Nair, Malabar Series, "Wynad, its People and Traditions," 1911, 70-1.
  346. Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 273-4.
  347. "Birds of India," 1877, i. 216-7.
  348. The Dusserah or Dasara is also known as Sarasvati puja or Ayudha puja (worship of weapons or tools). See p. 174.
  349. Madras Weekly Mail, 8th August, 1907.
  350. "History of Railway Thieves," 1904.
  351. The Koravas are professional burglars.
  352. "Madras Census Report," 1901, part i. 164.
  353. "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 69.
  354. "Our Tour in Southern India," 1883, 162-3.
  355. "Sketches of Field Sports Followed by the Natives of India," 1822.
  356. The note was originally published in Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 98-105.
  357. The Cherumars are field labourers, who were formerly agrestic slaves, and, like other servile classes, possess special privileges on special occasions.
  358. The tulsi plant is the most sacred plant of the Hindus, by whom it is grown in pots, or in brick or earthen pillars (brindavanam) hollowed out at the top, in which earth is deposited. It is watered and worshipped daily.
  359. The sacred conch or chank shell is used as a musical instrument in processions, and during religious services at Hindu temples.
  360. "Ind. Ant," 1873, iii. 191.
  361. The name Black Town was changed to George Town, to commemorate the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to Madras in 1906.
  362. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1874, iv. 371.
  363. Buffalo races, see my "Castes and Tribes of Southern India," 1909, i. 157-62.
  364. "A Singular Aboriginal Race of the Nilagiris," 1832, 76.
  365. "Ind. Ant." 1879, viii. 34.
  366. Liquor is distilled from ippa flowers.
  367. "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 73.
  368. "Gazetteer of the Godavari District," 1907, i. 47.
  369. Madras Mail, 4th November, 1905.
  370. "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 94.
  371. Ibid.
  372. "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions ancient and modern), 1906, 62.
  373. "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd ed., 63-4.
  374. Indra presides over the seasons and crops, and is therefore worshipped at times of sowing and reaping.